Ngokuphathelele ukufunyanwa nokusetyenziswa kwe<em>flake graphite, kukho imeko ebhalwe kakuhle, xa incwadi ethi Shuijing Zhu yaba yeyokuqala, eyathi “kukho intaba yegraphite ecaleni koMlambo iLuoshui”. Amatye onke amnyama, ngoko ke iincwadi zinokuba mbalwa, ngoko zidume ngegraphite. "Ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala kubonisa ukuba kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-3,000 eyadlulayo kwi-Shang Dynasty, i-China yasebenzisa i-graphite ukubhala abalinganiswa, eyahlala kude kube sekupheleni kwe-Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 220). I-graphite njenge-inki yencwadi yatshintshwa yi-inki yecuba yompayina. Ngexesha le-Daoguang ye-Qing Dynasty (AD 1821-1850), amafama e-Chenzhou, kwiPhondo laseHunan agrumba i-flake graphite njenge-fuel, eyayibizwa ngokuba "yi-oil carbon".
Igama lesiNgesi leGraphite livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi "graphite in", elithetha "ukubhala". Yathiywa yi-chemist yaseJamani kunye ne-mineralogist AGWerner kwi-1789.
I-molecular formula ye-flake graphite yi-C kunye nobunzima bayo be-molecular yi-12.01. Igraphite yendalo yintsimbi emnyama kunye nentsimbi engwevu, enemigca emnyama eqaqambileyo, i-metallic luster kunye ne-opacity. Ikristale yeyeklasi entsonkothileyo enehexagonal biconical crystals, eziyihexagonal plate crystals. Iifom ze-simplex eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-parallel-double-side, i-hexagonal biconical kunye ne-hexagonal columns, kodwa ifom yekristale engaguqukiyo inqabile, kwaye ngokubanzi i-scaly okanye i-plate-shaped. IiParameters: a0 = 0.246nm, c0 = 0.670nm Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo esicwangcisiweyo, apho ii-athomu zekhabhoni zihlelwe ngokwemigangatho, kwaye ikhabhoni nganye idibaniswa ngokulinganayo kunye nekhabhoni ekufutshane, kunye nekhabhoni kwinqanaba ngalinye licwangciswe kwindandatho ene-hexagonal. Amakhonkco ekhabhoni anehexagonal kumaleko angasentla nasezantsi ameleneyo ayafuduswa ngokulinganayo kwicala elinxusene neplani yemesh aze apakishwe ukwenza umaleko. Izalathiso ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigama yokufuduswa ikhokelela kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zepolymorphic. Umgama phakathi kwee-athom zekhabhoni kuluhlu oluphezulu kunye nolusezantsi lukhulu kakhulu kunolo phakathi kweeathom zekhabhoni kuluhlu olufanayo (isithuba seCC kumanqanaba = 0.142nm, isithuba seCC phakathi kweeleya = 0.340nm). 2.09-2.23 ubunzima obuthile kunye ne-5-10m2 / g indawo ethile yendawo. Ubunzima yi-anisotropic, indiza yokuqhawula ngokuthe nkqo yi-3-5, kunye ne-parallel cleavage plane yi-1-2. Ii-aggregates zikholisa ukuba namaxolo, amaqhuma kunye nomhlaba. I-graphite flake inombane olungileyo kunye ne-thermal conductivity. Iiflake zeminerali zihlala zi-opaque phantsi kokukhanya okugqithisiweyo, iiflakes ezibhityileyo kakhulu ziluhlaza-grey, uniaxial, kunye nesalathiso se-refractive se-1.93 ~ 2.07. Ngaphantsi kokukhanya okubonakalisiweyo, zinombala omdaka-ngwevu, kunye ne-multicolor ebonakalayo ebonakalayo, i-Ro grey kunye nomdaka, i-Re dark blue grey, i-reflection Ro23 (bomvu), i-Re5.5 (bomvu), umbala ocacileyo ocacileyo kunye nokuphindaphinda kabini, i-heterogeneity eyomeleleyo kunye ne-polarization. . Iimpawu zokuchonga: intsimbi emnyama, ubulukhuni obuphantsi, iqela le-cleavage egqibeleleyo, ubhetyebhetye, imvakalelo emtyibilizi, kulula ukungcolisa izandla. Ukuba i-zinc particles ezimanzi ngesisombululo se-sulfate yethusi zifakwe kwi-graphite, amabala obhedu ensimbi anokutshatyalaliswa, ngelixa i-molybdenite efana nayo ayinayo impendulo enjalo.
Igraphite yiallotrope ye elemental carbon (ezinye iiallotropes ziquka idayimani, icarbon 60, carbon nanotubes kunye negraphene), kunye neperiphery ye carbon atom nganye idityaniswe nezinye iiathom zekhabhoni ezintathu (ubuninzi behexagons ezicwangciswe ngokwemilo yobusi) ukwenza icovalent. iimolekyuli. Ekubeni iathom yekhabhoni nganye ikhupha i-electron, ezo electron ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, ngoko i<em>flake graphite yi<em>conductor yombane. Inqwelomoya ye-cleavage ilawulwa ngamabhondi eemolekyuli, anomtsalane obuthathaka kwiimolekyuli, ngoko ke ukudada kwayo kwendalo kulungile kakhulu. Ngenxa yendlela ekhethekileyo yokudibanisa i-flake graphite, asikwazi ukucinga ukuba i-flake graphite yikristale enye okanye i-polycrystal. Ngoku ngokuqhelekileyo kuqwalaselwa ukuba i-flake graphite luhlobo lwekristale edibeneyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-04-2022